College affirmative action bans and smoking and alcohol use among underrepresented minority adolescents in the United States: A difference-in-differences study.
BackgroundCollege affirmative action programs seek to expand socioeconomic opportunities for underrepresented minorities.Between 1996 and 2013, 9 US states-including California, Texas, and Michigan-banned race-based affirmative action in college admissions.Because economic opportunity is known to motivate health behavior, banning affirmative action